Basic metabolic panel - Revision history

Danbot: Strip excess bold

2026-03-22T09:28:03Z

Strip excess bold

Danbot: Add Category:Labs

2026-03-22T06:43:57Z

Add Category:Labs

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:43, 22 March 2026
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	[[Category:Critical Care]]		[[Category:Critical Care]]
	[[Category:Renal]]		[[Category:Renal]]
			[[Category:Labs]]

Danbot: Danbot moved page Basic Metabolic Panel to Basic metabolic panel: Naming convention: first word capitalized, subsequent words lowercase

2026-03-22T05:39:35Z

Danbot moved page Basic Metabolic Panel to Basic metabolic panel: Naming convention: first word capitalized, subsequent words lowercase

← Older revision	Revision as of 05:39, 22 March 2026
(No difference)

Ostermayer at 00:29, 28 January 2026

2026-01-28T00:29:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:29, 28 January 2026
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	===Chloride (Cl)===		===Chloride (Cl)===
	* Generally follows Sodium status.		* Generally follows Sodium status.
	* '''Hyperchloremia:''' Often iatrogenic from large volume [[Normal ~~Saline~~]] resuscitation (Non-gap metabolic acidosis).		* '''Hyperchloremia:''' Often iatrogenic from large volume [[Normal saline]] resuscitation (Non-gap metabolic acidosis).
	* '''Hypochloremia:''' Gastric outlet obstruction/vomiting (Metabolic alkalosis).<ref name="pmid25295502" />		* '''Hypochloremia:''' Gastric outlet obstruction/vomiting (Metabolic alkalosis).<ref name="pmid25295502" />

Ostermayer at 00:28, 28 January 2026

2026-01-28T00:28:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 28 January 2026
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	! Component !! Abbreviation !! Normal Range (US) !! SI Units		! Component !! Abbreviation !! Normal Range (US) !! SI Units
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Sodium]] \|\| Na \|\| 135 – 145 mEq/L \|\| 135 – 145 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Sodium]] \|\| Na \|\| 135 – 145 mEq/L \|\| 135 – 145 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Potassium]] \|\| K \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Potassium]] \|\| K \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Chloride]] \|\| Cl \|\| 95 – 105 mEq/L \|\| 95 – 105 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Chloride]] \|\| Cl \|\| 95 – 105 mEq/L \|\| 95 – 105 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Bicarbonate]] (Total CO2) \|\| HCO3 / CO2 \|\| 22 – 29 mEq/L \|\| 22 – 29 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Bicarbonate]] (Total CO2) \|\| HCO3 / CO2 \|\| 22 – 29 mEq/L \|\| 22 – 29 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Blood Urea Nitrogen]] \|\| BUN \|\| 7 – 20 mg/dL \|\| 2.5 – 7.1 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Blood Urea Nitrogen]] \|\| BUN \|\| 7 – 20 mg/dL \|\| 2.5 – 7.1 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Creatinine]] \|\| Cr \|\| 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL \|\| 53 – 106 µmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Creatinine]] \|\| Cr \|\| 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL \|\| 53 – 106 µmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Glucose]] \|\| Glu \|\| 70 – 100 mg/dL (fasting) \|\| 3.9 – 5.6 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Glucose]] \|\| Glu \|\| 70 – 100 mg/dL (fasting) \|\| 3.9 – 5.6 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[[Has LabTest::Calcium]] \|\| Ca \|\| 8.5 – 10.2 mg/dL \|\| 2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L		\| [[Has LabTest::Calcium]] \|\| Ca \|\| 8.5 – 10.2 mg/dL \|\| 2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L
	\|}		\|}

Ostermayer: /* Components and Reference Ranges */

2026-01-28T00:28:11Z

Components and Reference Ranges

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 28 January 2026
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	! Component !! Abbreviation !! Normal Range (US) !! SI Units		! Component !! Abbreviation !! Normal Range (US) !! SI Units
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Sodium]] \|\| Na \|\| 135 – 145 mEq/L \|\| 135 – 145 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Sodium]] \|\| Na \|\| 135 – 145 mEq/L \|\| 135 – 145 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Potassium]] \|\| K \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Potassium]] \|\| K \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L \|\| 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Chloride]] \|\| Cl \|\| 95 – 105 mEq/L \|\| 95 – 105 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Chloride]] \|\| Cl \|\| 95 – 105 mEq/L \|\| 95 – 105 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Bicarbonate]] (Total CO2) \|\| HCO3 / CO2 \|\| 22 – 29 mEq/L \|\| 22 – 29 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Bicarbonate]] (Total CO2) \|\| HCO3 / CO2 \|\| 22 – 29 mEq/L \|\| 22 – 29 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Blood Urea Nitrogen]] \|\| BUN \|\| 7 – 20 mg/dL \|\| 2.5 – 7.1 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Blood Urea Nitrogen]] \|\| BUN \|\| 7 – 20 mg/dL \|\| 2.5 – 7.1 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Creatinine]] \|\| Cr \|\| 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL \|\| 53 – 106 µmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Creatinine]] \|\| Cr \|\| 0.6 – 1.2 mg/dL \|\| 53 – 106 µmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Glucose]] \|\| Glu \|\| 70 – 100 mg/dL (fasting) \|\| 3.9 – 5.6 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Glucose]] \|\| Glu \|\| 70 – 100 mg/dL (fasting) \|\| 3.9 – 5.6 mmol/L
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[Calcium]] \|\| Ca \|\| 8.5 – 10.2 mg/dL \|\| 2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L		\| [[[Has LabTest::Calcium]] \|\| Ca \|\| 8.5 – 10.2 mg/dL \|\| 2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L
	\|}		\|}

Ostermayer: /* Calcium Correction */

2026-01-27T18:51:12Z

Calcium Correction

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	===Calcium Correction===		===Calcium Correction===
	* If albumin is low, total calcium appears falsely low.		* If albumin is low, total calcium appears falsely low.
	* Formula: ~~<math>\text~~{Corrected Ca} = ~~\text~~{Measured Ca} + 0.8 ~~\times~~ (4 - ~~\text~~{Albumin})~~</math>~~<ref name="pmid4758544">Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 15;4(5893):643-6. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4758544/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		* Formula: {Corrected Ca} = {Measured Ca} + 0.8 (4 - {Albumin})<ref name="pmid4758544">Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 15;4(5893):643-6. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4758544/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	* Or check an '''Ionized Calcium''' (iCa).		* Or check an '''Ionized Calcium''' (iCa).

Ostermayer: /* Corrected Sodium (Hyperglycemia) */

2026-01-27T18:50:43Z

Corrected Sodium (Hyperglycemia)

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	===Corrected Sodium (Hyperglycemia)===		===Corrected Sodium (Hyperglycemia)===
	* Formula: ~~<math>\text~~{Corrected Na} = ~~\text~~{Measured Na} + 0.016 ~~\times (\text~~{Glucose} - 100)~~</math>~~<ref name="pmid10225241" />		* Formula: {Corrected Na} = {Measured Na} + 0.016 {Glucose} - 100)<ref name="pmid10225241" />

	===Calcium Correction===		===Calcium Correction===

Ostermayer: /* Glucose */

2026-01-27T18:49:09Z

Glucose

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 27 January 2026
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	* '''[[Hyperglycemia]]:'''		* '''[[Hyperglycemia]]:'''
	** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar ~~Hyperglycemic State]] (HHS)~~]].		** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]].

	==Calculations==		==Calculations==

Ostermayer: /* Glucose */

2026-01-27T18:48:54Z

Glucose

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 27 January 2026
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	* '''[[Hyperglycemia]]:'''		* '''[[Hyperglycemia]]:'''
	** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State]] (HHS).		** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State]] (HHS)]].

	==Calculations==		==Calculations==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:28, 22 March 2026
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	The '''Basic Metabolic Panel''' (BMP), often referred to as a '''Chem-7''' or '''SMA-7''', is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory tests in the Emergency Department. It provides a rapid assessment of fluid status, electrolytes, renal function, and glucose levels.<ref name="pmid32443130">Bertschi LA. Abnormal Basic Metabolic Panel Findings: Implications for Nursing. Am J Nurs. 2020 Jun;120(6):48-55. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443130/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		The '''Basic Metabolic Panel''' (BMP), often referred to as a '''Chem-7''' or '''SMA-7''', is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory tests in the Emergency Department. It provides a rapid assessment of fluid status, electrolytes, renal function, and glucose levels.<ref name="pmid32443130">Bertschi LA. Abnormal Basic Metabolic Panel Findings: Implications for Nursing. Am J Nurs. 2020 Jun;120(6):48-55. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32443130/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>

	Including [[Calcium]] technically makes the panel a ~~'''~~Chem-8~~'''~~. It differs from the [[Comprehensive Metabolic Panel]] (CMP) by the lack of [[Liver Function Tests]] (LFTs).		Including [[Calcium]] technically makes the panel a Chem-8. It differs from the [[Comprehensive Metabolic Panel]] (CMP) by the lack of [[Liver Function Tests]] (LFTs).

	==Components and Reference Ranges==		==Components and Reference Ranges==
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	===Sodium (Na)===		===Sodium (Na)===
	* ~~'''~~[[Hyponatremia]] (<135):~~'''~~		* [[Hyponatremia]] (<135):
	** <120 mEq/L is a critical value (Risk of [[Seizure]], coma).<ref name="pmid10816188">Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 25;342(21):1581-9. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10816188/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** <120 mEq/L is a critical value (Risk of [[Seizure]], coma).<ref name="pmid10816188">Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 25;342(21):1581-9. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10816188/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	** Assess volume status (Hypovolemic, Euvolemic, Hypervolemic).		** Assess volume status (Hypovolemic, Euvolemic, Hypervolemic).
	** ''Pearls:'' rule out Pseudohyponatremia (Hyperlipidemia/Hyperproteinemia) and Hyperglycemic induced (Corrected Na = Measured Na + 1.6 * [(Glucose - 100) / 100]).<ref name="pmid10225241">Hillier TA, Abbott RD, Barrett EJ. Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med. 1999 Apr;106(4):399-403. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10225241/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** ''Pearls:'' rule out Pseudohyponatremia (Hyperlipidemia/Hyperproteinemia) and Hyperglycemic induced (Corrected Na = Measured Na + 1.6 * [(Glucose - 100) / 100]).<ref name="pmid10225241">Hillier TA, Abbott RD, Barrett EJ. Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med. 1999 Apr;106(4):399-403. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10225241/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	* ~~'''~~[[Hypernatremia]] (>145):~~'''~~		* [[Hypernatremia]] (>145):
	** Almost always implies free water deficit ([[Dehydration]]).		** Almost always implies free water deficit ([[Dehydration]]).
	** Calculate Free Water Deficit.		** Calculate Free Water Deficit.

	===Potassium (K)===		===Potassium (K)===
	* ~~'''~~[[Hyperkalemia]] (>5.0):~~'''~~		* [[Hyperkalemia]] (>5.0):
	** ''Emergency:'' >6.0 or any ECG changes ([[Peaked T waves]], QRS widening, Sine wave).		** ''Emergency:'' >6.0 or any ECG changes ([[Peaked T waves]], QRS widening, Sine wave).
	** Causes: [[Renal Failure]], [[Rhabdomyolysis]], missed dialysis, [[Acidosis]] (shifts K out of cells), [[Hemolysis]] (lab error).<ref name="pmid18272089">Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Mar;3(2):324-30. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18272089/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** Causes: [[Renal Failure]], [[Rhabdomyolysis]], missed dialysis, [[Acidosis]] (shifts K out of cells), [[Hemolysis]] (lab error).<ref name="pmid18272089">Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Mar;3(2):324-30. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18272089/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	* ~~'''~~[[Hypokalemia]] (<3.5):~~'''~~		* [[Hypokalemia]] (<3.5):
	** Causes: Diuretics, GI loss (diarrhea/vomiting).		** Causes: Diuretics, GI loss (diarrhea/vomiting).
	** ''Emergency:'' Arrhythmias, U-waves, respiratory muscle weakness.		** ''Emergency:'' Arrhythmias, U-waves, respiratory muscle weakness.
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	===Chloride (Cl)===		===Chloride (Cl)===
	* Generally follows Sodium status.		* Generally follows Sodium status.
	* ~~'''~~Hyperchloremia:~~'''~~ Often iatrogenic from large volume [[Normal saline]] resuscitation (Non-gap metabolic acidosis).		* Hyperchloremia: Often iatrogenic from large volume [[Normal saline]] resuscitation (Non-gap metabolic acidosis).
	* ~~'''~~Hypochloremia:~~'''~~ Gastric outlet obstruction/vomiting (Metabolic alkalosis).<ref name="pmid25295502" />		* Hypochloremia: Gastric outlet obstruction/vomiting (Metabolic alkalosis).<ref name="pmid25295502" />

	===Bicarbonate (CO2)===		===Bicarbonate (CO2)===
	* Represents total venous CO2 content (mostly HCO3).		* Represents total venous CO2 content (mostly HCO3).
	* ~~'''~~Low (<22):~~'''~~ [[Metabolic Acidosis]] (most common in ED) or compensation for respiratory alkalosis.		* Low (<22): [[Metabolic Acidosis]] (most common in ED) or compensation for respiratory alkalosis.
	** Calculate [[Anion Gap]] (see below).		** Calculate [[Anion Gap]] (see below).
	* ~~'''~~High (>29):~~'''~~ [[Metabolic Alkalosis]] or compensation for chronic [[COPD]] (Respiratory acidosis).		* High (>29): [[Metabolic Alkalosis]] or compensation for chronic [[COPD]] (Respiratory acidosis).

	===BUN and Creatinine===		===BUN and Creatinine===
	* ~~'''~~[[Acute Kidney Injury]] (AKI):~~'''~~		* [[Acute Kidney Injury]] (AKI):
	** ~~'''~~Prerenal:~~'''~~ BUN:Cr ratio > 20:1. (Dehydration, poor perfusion).		** Prerenal: BUN:Cr ratio > 20:1. (Dehydration, poor perfusion).
	** ~~'''~~Intrinsic:~~'''~~ BUN:Cr ratio < 15:1. (ATN, AIN, Glomerulonephritis).		** Intrinsic: BUN:Cr ratio < 15:1. (ATN, AIN, Glomerulonephritis).
	** ~~'''~~Postrenal:~~'''~~ Obstruction (Stones, BPH).		** Postrenal: Obstruction (Stones, BPH).
	* ''Pearl:'' Isolated elevated BUN (with normal Cr) is a sensitive indicator for [[Upper GI Bleed]] (digested hemoglobin).<ref name="pmid22396504">Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, Fisher DA. Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed? JAMA. 2012 Mar 14;307(10):1072-9. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22396504/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		* ''Pearl:'' Isolated elevated BUN (with normal Cr) is a sensitive indicator for [[Upper GI Bleed]] (digested hemoglobin).<ref name="pmid22396504">Srygley FD, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, Fisher DA. Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed? JAMA. 2012 Mar 14;307(10):1072-9. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22396504/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>

	===Glucose===		===Glucose===
	* ~~'''~~[[Hypoglycemia]] (<70):~~'''~~ AMS, diaphoresis, seizure. Treat with D50/D10.		* [[Hypoglycemia]] (<70): AMS, diaphoresis, seizure. Treat with D50/D10.
	* ~~'''~~[[Hyperglycemia]]:~~'''~~		* [[Hyperglycemia]]:
	** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		** >250 with AG Metabolic Acidosis + Ketones = [[Diabetic Ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid2754687">Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001 Jan;24(1):131-53. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11194218/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]].		** >600 with high osmolarity + no acidosis = [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]].
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	* Used to differentiate causes of Metabolic Acidosis.<ref name="pmid17699401">Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;2(1):162-74. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17699401/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		* Used to differentiate causes of Metabolic Acidosis.<ref name="pmid17699401">Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan;2(1):162-74. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17699401/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	* Formula: <math>AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)</math>		* Formula: <math>AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)</math>
	* ~~'''~~Normal:~~'''~~ 8–12 (varies by assay; >12 usually abnormal).		* Normal: 8–12 (varies by assay; >12 usually abnormal).
	* ~~'''~~High Gap Causes (MUDPILES):~~'''~~ Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde, Iron/INH, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene Glycol, Salicylates.		* High Gap Causes (MUDPILES): Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde, Iron/INH, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene Glycol, Salicylates.
	* ''Note:'' [[Hypoalbuminemia]] lowers the baseline AG. Corrected AG = Observed AG + 2.5 * (4 - Albumin).		* ''Note:'' [[Hypoalbuminemia]] lowers the baseline AG. Corrected AG = Observed AG + 2.5 * (4 - Albumin).

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	* If albumin is low, total calcium appears falsely low.		* If albumin is low, total calcium appears falsely low.
	* Formula: {Corrected Ca} = {Measured Ca} + 0.8 (4 - {Albumin})<ref name="pmid4758544">Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 15;4(5893):643-6. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4758544/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>		* Formula: {Corrected Ca} = {Measured Ca} + 0.8 (4 - {Albumin})<ref name="pmid4758544">Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973 Dec 15;4(5893):643-6. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4758544/ PubMed Abstract]</ref>
	* Or check an ~~'''~~Ionized Calcium~~'''~~ (iCa).		* Or check an Ionized Calcium (iCa).

	==See Also==		==See Also==