View source for Template:Back pain red flags

===Back Pain Risk factors and probability of Fracture or Malignancy<ref>Downie A, et al. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2013; 347:f7095. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898572/]</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|+
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Factor'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Post Test Probability''' (95%CI)
|-
| Older Age  (>65yo) ||'''9%'''  (3-25%)
|-
| Prolonged corticosteroid||'''33%'''  (10-67%)
|-
| Severe trauma||'''11%'''  (8-16%)
|-
| Presence of contusion or abrasion||'''62% '''  (49-74%)
|-
| Multiple red flags||'''90%'''  (34-99%)
|-
| History of malignancy||'''33%'''  (22-46%)
|}

===Red Flag Symptoms of Low Back Pain <ref>Depalma. Red flags of low back pain. JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4c</ref>===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Symptoms !! Corresponding Pathology
|-
| Age under 18 years || Congenital abnormality
|-
| Age over 50 years || [[Vertebral fractures and dislocations|Fracture]], malignancy
|-
| Anticoagulant use || [[Spinal hematoma]]
|-
| Fever || Infection, malignancy
|-
| Genitourinary issues including urinary retention/incontinence or sexual dysfunction || [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|-
| Immunocompromised || [[Vertebral fractures and dislocations|Fracture]], infection
|-
| IV drug use || Infection
|-
| Recent spinal surgery or epidural injection || Infection, spinal hematoma
|-
| Trauma || [[Vertebral fractures and dislocations|Fracture]], [[spinal hematoma]]
|}

===Red Flag Signs of Low Back Pain<ref>Depalma. Red flags of low back pain. JAAPA. 2020;33(8):8. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000684112.91641.4c</ref>===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 
|-
! Signs !! Corresponding Pathology
|-
| Reduced anal sphincter tone || [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|-
| Hyperreflexia || [[Acute cord compression]]
|-
| Hyporeflexia/areflexia || [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|-
| Lower extremity muscle weakness || [[Acute cord compression]] or [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|-
| Saddle paresthesia/anesthesia || [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|-
| Absent or decreased bulbocavernosus reflex || [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
|}