View source for Nerve block: femoral

==Background==
[[File:Sobo 1909 573-574.png|thumb|Anterior thigh anatomy (right) showing vein medial to artery and nerve.]]
[[File:Gray545.png|thumb|Right anterior femoral sheath laid open to show its three structures. (Femoral nerve visible in yellow.)]]
[[File:Gray344.png|thumb|Cross section of the right hip at the level of the acetabulum.]]
*Found to be effective method of regional pain control in ED<ref>Beaudoin FL, Nagdev A, Merchant RC, Becker BM. Ultrasound-guided femoral nerve blocks in elderly patients with hip fractures. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2010;28(1):76-81.</ref>
*Does not alter clinical presentation of developing compartment syndrome (compartments innervated by sciatic nerve)<ref>Karagiannis G, Hardern R. Best evidence topic report: No evidence found that a femoral nerve block in cases of femoral shaft fractures can delay the diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the thigh. EMJ 2005;22(11):814.</ref>

==Indications==
*[[Femur fracture]]
*[[Hip fracture]]
*[[Patella fracture]]
*Any other significant trauma or need to perform painful procedure in distribution of femoral nerve (anterior and lateral lower extremity)

==Contraindications==
*Infection overlying injection site

==Equipment Needed==
*Ultrasound (linear probe) with sterile probe cover
*Syringe with 25-30ga needle
*Syringe with 22ga noncutting spinal needle
*Local anesthetic (bupivicaine preferred due to long duration of action)
*Chlorhexidine or betadine
*Sterile drape

==Procedure<ref>Beaudoin FL, Haran JP, Liebmann O. A comparison of ultrasound-guided three-in-one femoral nerve block versus parenteral opioids alone for analgesia in emergency department patients with hip fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Jun;20(6):584-91.</ref>==
[[File:Femoral_Nerve_block_anatomy.png|thumb|Cartoon of pertinent anatomy in femoral nerve block]]
===Femoral Nerve Block===
#Place patient supine
#Cleanse skin with chlorhexidine or betadine and drape
#Apply sterile ultrasound probe 1cm distal to inguinal ligament
#Find the large nonpulsatile femoral vein as the initial landmark under ultrasound
#Identify femoral nerve (hyperechoic structure lateral to the femoral artery)
#*Must also identify Fascia Lata and deeper Fascia Iliaca, as these two fascial planes overlie the femoral nerve.  If anesthetic is not placed below these two fascial planes, the anesthetic will not reach femoral nerve and the block will fail.  
#Inject a small amount of local anesthetic into skin and subcutaneous tissue at the needle entry site
#Under ultrasound guidance, advance noncutting spinal needle to the femoral nerve sheath
#Aspirate to ensure not in blood vessel
#Inject 20cc of 0.5% [[bupivicaine]] or another local anesthetic along nerve sheath.

===[[Fascia Iliaca Block]]===
*technique is similar to the femoral nerve block, except the needle enters through the fascia iliaca at a more lateral site relative to the femoral nerve block to avoid hitting the femoral nerve, artery, or vein
**this extends the block to include the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, providing anesthesia to the lateral proximal thigh.   
**Infiltrate a larger volume of anesthetic (30-40cc), allowing anesthetic to travel along the fascial planes to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.  The volume of anesthetic may be mixed with saline to create an adequate volume to ensure success of the block.

===3-in-1-Block===
*This block incorporates:
**Femoral nerve
**Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
**Obturator nerve
*Allows for greater anestehsia of the hip and knee.  
*Technique is identical to Fascia iliaca block, but includes application of pressure 4cm distal to injection site.
**this aids in the proximal spread of anesthetic.
*technique is not very reliable.

==Complications==
*Inadvertent intravascular injection
*Infection
*Bleeding/hematoma

==See Also==
*[[Nerve blocks (main)]]
*[[Local anesthetic systemic toxicity]]

==External Links==

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Ultrasound]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]