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Background
- Aedes mosquito in urban area, especially during rainy seasons in tropical/subtropic regions (Asia, Africa, Central America, Caribbean)
- Dengue shock syndrome and hemorrhagic fever rare in travelers
- Caused by second infection of different Dengue serotype
Clinical Features
- Incubation 3-7 days
- Febrile phase:
- High fever + 'Breakbone' + GI symptoms + rash + possible exposure
- +/- Faget sign
- Lasts 3-7 days, majority recover
- Critical Phase[1]:
- Minority of patients, generally pediatric and elderly
- Around time of defervescence
- Vascular leak, hypoproteinemia, hemoconcentration, pleural effusion, ascites
- Narrowed pulse pressure, persistent vomiting, RUQ tenderness, lethargy and restlessness are signs of impending collapse
- Mucosal and skin bleeding
- "Severe Dengue," any of the following:
- Shock from plasma leakage
- Hemorrhage
- Respiratory distress
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Work-up
- Labs:
- CBC: Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hemoconcentration
- CMP: LFTs elevated
- DIC labs should be sent
- Diagnose by 4x increase in acute/ convalescent titres - unlikely to be resulted in ED
- Tourniquet Test - Tests capillary fragility
- Sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 82.4%
- A positive tourniquet test combined with lekuopenia increases sensitivity to 94%[2]
- Inflate cuff to pressure between SBP & DBP, and leave for 5 min
- (+) Test = 10-20 petechiae per square inch
Example of positive tourniquet test on the right
Diagnosis
Management
Disposition
- Home - Well hydrated and non-toxic appearing
- Admit - High-risk patients (ie pregnant, elderly, children, chronic disease)
- ICU - patients with shock and end-organ damage
Prevention
- Vaccine available for the prevention of dengue virus and associated severe sequelae, Dengvaxia.[3]
- Only recommended for individuals 9-45 years old who have been infected once before with the virus[4].
- If patient has confirmed or likely dengue virus infection and they live and/or work in an endemic area, have them follow up with PCP for vaccination.
See Also
References
- ↑ Simmons, C.P., Farrar, J.J., van Vinh Chau, N. and Wills, B. (2012) ‘Dengue’, New England Journal of Medicine, 366(15), pp. 1423–1432.
- ↑ Gregory CJ, Lorenzi OD, Colón L, García AS, Santiago LM, Rivera RC, Bermúdez LJ, Báez FO, Aponte DV, Tomashek KM, Gutierrez J, Alvarado L. Utility of the tourniquet test and the white blood cell count to differentiate dengue among acute febrile illnesses in the emergency room. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1400.
- ↑ Paz-Bailey G, Adams L, Wong JM, et al. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-6):1–16. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7006a1
- ↑ Paz-Bailey G, Adams L, Wong JM, et al. Dengue Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-6):1–16. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7006a1
